How do earthquakes affect buildings?

Earthquakes affect buildings by generating seismic waves that cause the ground to shake. This shaking can lead to structural damage, such as cracks in walls, collapsed roofs, or even total building failure. The severity of the impact depends on factors like the magnitude of the earthquake, the type of ground the building is on, and the building’s design. Modern engineering uses techniques like base isolators, shock absorbers, and flexible materials to create earthquake-resistant structures. Retrofitting older buildings can also help reduce damage and save lives during seismic events.