How do woodpeckers avoid brain injury when pecking?

Woodpeckers avoid brain injury thanks to specialised adaptations in their anatomy. Their skulls have spongy bone structures that absorb shock, and their brains are tightly packed to minimise movement. The beak design helps distribute impact forces, while strong neck muscles stabilise their heads during pecking. Additionally, a thick nictitating membrane protects their eyes from debris. These features allow woodpeckers to peck thousands of times a day without harm.