How do penguins stay warm in freezing climates?

Penguins stay warm in freezing climates through a combination of adaptations. They have dense feathers that trap air close to their bodies, creating an insulating layer. A thick layer of blubber under their skin provides additional insulation against the cold. Penguins also huddle together in large groups to conserve body heat, with individuals taking turns standing on the outer edges of the group. Their circulatory system minimises heat loss by reducing blood flow to their extremities while maintaining core temperature. These strategies enable penguins to thrive in the harsh Antarctic environment.