How do geckos climb smooth surfaces?

Geckos are able to climb smooth surfaces, including glass, thanks to their specialized feet. Their toes have tiny hair-like structures called setae, which are covered in even smaller structures known as spatulae. These microscopic structures create van der Waals forces, which allow geckos to adhere to surfaces without the need for adhesive fluids or suction. This enables them to cling to a wide range of surfaces and even run vertically up walls, making them one of the most adept climbers in the animal kingdom.