How do plants adapt to survive in cold climates?

Plants in cold climates adapt by developing features like small, needle-like leaves and thick bark to retain moisture and resist freezing temperatures. Some, like conifers, have a waxy coating on their needles to reduce water loss. Others, such as alpine flowers, grow close to the ground to avoid wind exposure and trap heat. Perennials store energy in underground roots or bulbs, allowing them to regrow each year. These adaptations ensure survival in harsh, freezing environments.