How do cacti survive in arid environments?

Cacti survive in arid environments by storing water in their thick, fleshy stems and having shallow, widespread roots to absorb rainwater quickly. Their spines, which are modified leaves, reduce water loss and provide shade to lower surface temperatures. The waxy coating on their skin further prevents water evaporation. Additionally, cacti perform photosynthesis through a process called CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism), which allows them to open their stomata at night instead of during the day, minimising water loss. These adaptations enable cacti to thrive in deserts where water is scarce.