How do snakes climb vertical surfaces?

Snakes climb vertical surfaces by using their strong, muscular bodies and specialised scales. Their belly scales, called ventral scales, provide grip and friction as they push against rough surfaces like tree bark or rocks. Snakes also use a concertina motion, anchoring parts of their body while moving the rest upward. This climbing technique allows species like tree pythons and rat snakes to navigate trees, walls, and other vertical terrains with remarkable agility.