How do penguins communicate in colonies?

Penguins communicate in colonies through vocalisations and body language. Each penguin has a unique call that helps them identify mates, chicks, or group members among thousands of individuals. Chicks recognise their parents’ voices, while adults use calls to establish territory or attract mates. Penguins also use gestures, such as bowing or head-shaking, to convey intentions. This sophisticated communication system is vital for maintaining social bonds in crowded colonies.