How do lichens survive in extreme environments?

Lichens survive in extreme environments by forming a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. The fungi provide structure and protection, while the algae or cyanobacteria produce nutrients through photosynthesis. Lichens can tolerate drought, extreme temperatures, and high levels of UV radiation. They enter a dormant state during unfavourable conditions and resume growth when conditions improve. This resilience allows them to thrive in deserts, polar regions, and rocky terrains.