How do penguins stay warm in cold climates?

Penguins are well adapted to live in cold climates, particularly those in Antarctica, by having several physical features that help them conserve heat. They have a thick layer of blubber beneath their skin, which acts as insulation against the cold. Their dense feathers provide a waterproof layer that traps air and further helps to keep them warm. Penguins also huddle together in large groups to share warmth during extreme cold, and they have a special circulatory system in their legs that minimizes heat loss.