How do kangaroo rats survive without drinking water?

Kangaroo rats survive without drinking water by deriving moisture from the seeds they eat. Their kidneys are highly efficient, producing concentrated urine to minimise water loss. They also produce metabolic water as a by-product of digesting carbohydrates. Additionally, kangaroo rats avoid heat and dehydration by being nocturnal, staying in cool burrows during the day. These adaptations allow them to thrive in arid environments where water is scarce.